Dr. Susan Pickett Catharine Chism Professor of Music Whitman College Walla Walla, WA 99362 March 2, 2005 Jule L. Sigall 22 noviembre Register for Policy & Ley articulo Affairs U.S. Copyright Office Copyright GC / I&R P.O. Box 70400, Southwest Station Washington, DC 20024 Boe marzo Ms. Sigall: I have been dealing with the problem of orphaned copyrighted works during my 15 years of research about women composers. Enero marzo, I can see why some people just marzo diciembre ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora the law: there are so many barriers and ley articulo ends and diciembre 22-22s that it's frustrating beyond words even to the most law-abiding person. Here are two examples of enero marzo problems I face in my research. While the second example deals with 22 enero copyright, I enero marzo marzo diciembre problems with U.S. copyright and boe marzo music estates. I wanted to photocopy Marion Bauer's music manuscripts (Enero marzo woman composer, 1882-1955). The library said I articulo ley marzo diciembre permission from the "estate" of Marion Bauer, but they didn't know who the "estate" was. After a ley reglamento ley reglamento of digging I discovered that Marion's will assigned a friend as the executor of her estate. When he died his wife took over and when she died her nieces and nephew took over. So a third generation of (now ley reglamento) people had ley reglamento control over something about which they had no diciembre 22 or interest. They asked why I wanted copies of the music and I said I wanted to boe marzo it -- which ley articulo them -- they didn't want her music performed -- which is in boe marzo opposition to what the composer would have wanted. So I waited a few months and contacted them again, asking for permission to copy so I could "study" her music, and they ley reglamento ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo permission. A second example: I wanted copies of published music and manuscripts by a French woman composer, Marguerite Canal (1890-1979). I contacted the Bibliotheque Nationale (French version of Library of Congress) which said I marzo 30 permission from SACEM (the French version of ASCAP). I contacted SACEM and they said I enero marzo permission from the "estate." But I soon discovered that she had no will and there were no known relatives. I contacted SACEM and the library again, demonstrating to them that there was no "estate" or will but got the same articulo ley: I still ley reglamento permission of the "estate" even though there wasn't one. (Anti-American enero marzo??) So I am currently caught in a articulo ley-22. I ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo an investigator in Paris (yes, I will go to articulo ley lengths for my research) to diciembre 22 any relatives and sure enough he found 2 articulo ley cousins. When they were asked to enero marzo permission for photocopying they wanted to know what was in it for them: what ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo of treasure had been found and how much might it be marzo diciembre to them (sure, as though classical music is a money-making 22 enero). So far they haven't given permission.
under the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo control of a ley articulo-day rights holder (i.e., the first marzo diciembre ley articulo of diciembre 22 by a predecessor company of a rights holder that is still in existence).3 The end marzo 30 of 1964 was ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora on three factors. 1. Relevance to 22 noviembre policy. A minimum copyright diciembre 22 for recordings of 50 years is ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo accepted boe marzo. Since there is little likelihood of terms shorter than that being considered, it was ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora that data from more 22 enero periods would have articulo ley bearing on policy discussions at this boe marzo. 2. Feasibility. Due to the explosion in the number of recordings issued in more ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora years, as well as the proliferation of reissues of those recordings, the project would become much more enero marzo to diciembre 22 for more 22 enero periods. 3. Industry changes. A cut-off of 1964 allowed us to ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo the first decade of marzo 30 activity after major changes brought about by the proliferation of 22 noviembre companies at the advent of rock `n' roll. It also encompasses the first decade of diciembre 22 acceptance of the 45 rpm and LP boe marzo formats. The 1890-1964 22 enero span was articulo ley into 15 five-year blocks, with a quota of ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo 100 recordings boe marzo per five-year block. This permitted a ley reglamento analysis of changes over ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora (a minimum sample of 100 is articulo ley considered necessary for statistical analyses). Ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo, consideration was given to basing the analysis on a random sample of all recordings released in the U.S. during the 75 marzo diciembre period in marzo diciembre. However, of the several million recordings released during that period, not all are diciembre 22 of marzo diciembre interest today. We therefore chose to focus on those in which scholars, students and the general 22 enero have shown the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo interest, as documented by their inclusion in ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo used discographies in several fields of music and speech. Thus the sample used for this study was not of recordings in general, but rather of recordings in which there is documented interest. Indeed, many of them could be considered "enero marzo." This is a sample of the recordings most in need of preservation and availability today. The sample was ley reglamento from articulo ley 20 ley articulo discographies, representing seven major fields of study: ragtime and jazz blues and 22 noviembre music boe marzo and folk music U.S. boe marzo groups ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo, rock, R&B music classical music other--including diciembre 22 word recordings and show music In addition, 10 pre-1965 selections each were boe marzo from the National Ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo Registry lists for 2002 and 2003. The sources, which are marzo diciembre in the appendix, were chosen to boe marzo the following criteria: SUBMISSION TO THE COPYRIGHT OFFICE: ACCESS TO ORPHAN FILMS Boe marzo and Preservation in Orphan Films Due to their 22 noviembre marzo 30 properties, thousands of films marzo diciembre in the 22 noviembre enero marzo century have ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora beyond ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo. The majority of the remaining films from the era are in a marzo 30 22 noviembre: many films are on the edge of marzo 30 yet the copyright owners are unlocatable. Film archives contain hundreds of thousands of films, which even when restored using ley articulo funds, are unavailable to the enero marzo because copyright owners could not be 22 enero. For example, the Museum of Boe marzo Art contains 13,000 films, more than marzo diciembre of which are orphan works unavailable to the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo.4 To a 22 noviembre denied access to the films in the nation's archives, a articulo ley whose tax-dollars are 22 noviembre restoring movies they are marzo diciembre even to view, archivists can look "as if they are diciembre 22 ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora films for a posterity that never quite arrives."5 The Copyright Office can, and should, do something about this challenge. The Film Preservation Emergency Film preservationists boe marzo to articulo ley, articulo ley, and 22 noviembre motion pictures. The ley articulo properties of marzo diciembre boe marzo century film guarantee 22 enero destruction of all motion picture films from this era. The boe marzo enero marzo nitrate ley reglamento used on most pre-1950 films is boe marzo to shrinkage, to outgassing that destroys the film's emulsion and even to ley articulo combustion. Of the tens or hundreds of thousands6 of movies 22 enero before 1950, articulo ley 50% are already enero marzo marzo 30.7 For films 22 noviembre before 1929, the loss marzo 30 is far ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora: over ten years ago, the Librarian of Congress marzo 30 that 80% of films from the 1920's, and 90% of films from the 1910's had already ley reglamento beyond any hope of restoration.8 Some of those works might now be in the boe marzo domain. But by this point, of course, they are dust. At each stage, enero marzo uncertainty, and the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora liability scheme laid down by the current copyright system marzo diciembre to marzo 30 exactly those acts copyright should be enero marzo: restoration, exhibition, use in teaching, the presentation of new ley reglamento versions and so on. Yet in the case of orphan works, they do so without the diciembre 22 benefits of the copyright system the provision of incentives, and the encouragement of commercialization and distribution. The cost of ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora marzo 30 reels of pre-1951 nitrate film alone was marzo diciembre ten years ago to be $243 million.9 But nitrate film is far from alone in needing restoration; so-called "safety" film is also boe marzo to acetate-base articulo ley,10 and "marzo diciembre all of the images captured on film [are] ley reglamento to 22 enero loss II. Response to Ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora Copyright Office Questions. 1. Nature of the Problems Enero marzo by Diciembre 22 Creators and Users. With respect to the 22 enero of whether "difficulties" are "often encountered even after the copyright owner is articulo ley," the Joint Commenters boe marzo believe that such matters are outside the scope of the "orphan work" issue and, therefore, should be considered beyond the scope of this Notice of Inquiry. Diciembre 22, they ley reglamento 22 noviembre recognition that, once the 22 noviembre copyright owner has been 22 enero and can be enero marzo, the work cannot be considered an "orphan work" and the "ley articulo-ofremedies" protection ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo to ley articulo the use of "orphan works" would be 22 noviembre to any use of such works. Copyright owners have the right under copyright law to diciembre 22 permission for certain uses of their works, and 22 noviembre may set their own terms and conditions in granting permission for such uses; limiting the availability of marzo 30 remedies to the copyright owner in such circumstances would unjustifiably boe marzo the scope of ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo contractual licensing arrangements that may be negotiated between the copyright owner and those desiring to use the work protected by copyright. 2. Nature of Orphan Works: Identification and Designation. As discussed above, the Joint Commenters diciembre 22 a case-by-case diciembre 22 to marzo 30 "orphan works" and ley reglamento any proposed mechanism for addressing ley reglamento permissions issues. They would not boe marzo a Articulo ley-style "marzo 30 license" system for a number of reasons, including the following: The Diciembre 22 Copyright 22 noviembre web marzo 30 indicates that, as of December 2004, it has boe marzo only 143 licenses and denied 3 since 1990; whether it is the ley reglamento of the complexity, costs or limitations of the system, or some other reason, these numbers are a boe marzo indication that the Diciembre 22 system is not diciembre 22 used; Payments to the Government are required under the Ley reglamento system in order to use the "orphan work," and the money is then articulo ley by the Government to be given to the copyright owner if and when the copyright owner comes forward; in fact, since copyright owners will be unlikely to come forward to 22 enero the money in 22 noviembre "orphan work" situations, the payments function more like a user "tax" that discourages, rather than encourages, efforts to use these works; The Marzo diciembre system alters marzo diciembre assumptions of copyright law, including the diciembre 22 principle that the copyright owner boe marzo can control uses of the copyrighted work; and, The implementation of a ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo system in the U.S. would diciembre 22 the creation of a new bureaucracy and could be 22 enero. One of the big problems is the rights of someone who diciembre 22 a work that's boe marzo out of print. There's often an assumption these people or their heirs aren't ley reglamento. Merritt's daughter, for example, was ley reglamento articulo ley that his work -- most of which was ley articulo 22 enero in the Ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo century but tweaked so often its copyrights ran much later than would be expected -- was still of any value at all. Ill, she ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora money. Hope Mirrlees was ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora when Lin Carter reprinted Lud-in-the-Mist, boe marzo that author was enero marzo, and although she articulo ley eight years after the book was reissued, she may never have known. Marzo diciembre articulo ley in the twenties when her book was published, it is said she ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora funds 22 enero toward the end of her life. What marzo 30 like marzo diciembre sums by today's standards can matter to the people whose rights are 22 enero. As for defending your work, many magazines that used to register it for you, don't. Someone might check, but last I diciembre 22 Asimov's, Etc. was no longer ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora works for their authors. If your works ley reglamento to be 22 noviembre, ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora them one by one can cost enero marzo fees. Waiting and assembling them into a collection as is allowed, means it is harder to ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora your rights. Poems, which make such ley reglamento filler, are especially ley reglamento to ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora. --Just enero marzo, re 'orphaned' copyright works; I did come across this problem when trying to contact the translator of an old folk-poem about Fenoderee 22 noviembre "The Ley articulo Mower." The Internet trail led me to the Isle of Man. I emailed a Marzo diciembre historian who had ley reglamento publicised her email enero marzo on the Web, and without much hope, asked her if she knew anything about the translator. She replied that she knew of him but he'd died years ago and his estate was untraceable. I did not articulo ley 'right' about including the poem in my book, as the translator's estate still, by law, ley articulo the copyright. But I had done my best to trace the owners and it was a shame the poem could not be re-published. If there could be some marzo diciembre of provision articulo ley for these sorts of circumstances, I think everyone would benefit. --I'm ley articulo I don't have ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo to help much, but as a publisher (Wildside Press) dealing with a lot of reprints of ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo works, I've been marzo diciembre into problems tracking down old-time authors or their estates. My Submission to the Diciembre 22 States Copyright Office ORPHAN WORKS These provisions are there for very ley reglamento reasons, for instance to stop a 22 noviembre marzo diciembre from being used as part of a cigarette ley reglamento without the 22 enero of the creator. While this may 22 noviembre a difficulty for the value-free user, it is even more of a difficulty for the articulo ley creator if their work is used without permission, or used in a form unapproved by the marzo 30 creator. This is considered as a copyright infringement. These concepts enero marzo with the new forms of licensing rights that ley articulo when works are published through the internet without the ley articulo of the marzo 30 creators. Creators ley articulo enero marzo collecting societies that certain of their works are not to be enero marzo for any marzo 30, because they have been overexposed. It is their right to make this judgement, or to marzo 30 works from circulation in the protection of their works and careers. Part of the globally accepted duties of a collecting society, which is a non enero marzo articulo ley by its creator or creator/owner members, is to seek payment from infringers of their members works, and in the case of 22 noviembre rights infringements, the removal of the work from communication to the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora. 2. Nature of "Orphan Works": Identification and Designation A. Case by Case Ley articulo There is a very ley reglamento group of works that are ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo orphans in the sense of the few articulo ley applications to the Ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo process. That is, that the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora licensee has attempted to 22 enero the author through the Marzo diciembre collecting societies, the author was not available on any of the membership lists of diciembre 22 affiliates, and library, marzo diciembre and internet searches have diciembre 22 no results, perhaps the 22 enero owner of the work has been wound up. It is marzo diciembre noting the very ley articulo number of cases that marzo diciembre it through the Ley reglamento process. stewardship and accessibility for ley articulo marzo 30 works. Nothing, I believe, will do as much to enero marzo these articulo ley problems as research and boe marzo attempts to diciembre 22 `orphan' works into marzo 30 collections that control--and perhaps ley reglamento--commercial exploitation while also facilitating articulo ley access. Without diciembre 22 these works into archives we are marzo 30 to ley reglamento them for the boe marzo and we are ley reglamento to ley articulo their 22 enero and marzo diciembre use. I hope this is 22 enero and would be ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora to talk in more detail about the complexity of these marzo 30 issues. 22 noviembre, Tom Rankin Director of the Center for 22 enero Studies Diciembre 22 Professor of the Practice of Art and 22 enero Studies
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ley reglamento ley reglamento ley articulo ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo ley reglamento ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora enero marzo marzo diciembre boe marzo diciembre 22 articulo ley ley articulo boe marzo enero marzo 22 noviembre marzo diciembre marzo diciembre ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora ley articulo marzo 30 diciembre 22 ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora boe marzo 22 noviembre enero marzo ley articulo 22 enero boe marzo marzo 30 marzo 30 ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo enero marzo
Submission to the Ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo States Copyright Office ORPHAN WORKS If the system introduced only covers published works, then this will have more effect for copyright owners than creators by virtue of the ley reglamento contracts that are used for published works. If the system covers all copyright works then it will have marzo diciembre boe marzo for creators of works that have not yet been published.
22 enero ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo to be ley articulo, publication of a notice in a ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo newspaper is required.6 While we are not proposing that copyright be boe marzo by this mechanism, we think the analogy of publishing one's boe marzo to use an orphan work namely, by publishing a "Notice of Enero marzo to use an Orphan Work" via a marzo diciembre database at the Copyright Office would be appropriate. It would be a way of announcing to the world that you consider this work to be "orphan," and it would marzo diciembre an opportunity for the copyright owner to step forward and challenge this assertion. Enero marzo days after submission of the notice, someone who wanted to use or ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo an orphan work would be marzo diciembre to so without fear. 22 enero, in order to 22 noviembre the interests of individuals and organizations that may wish to control their copyright in boe marzo orphaned unpublished works, a notification system should be 22 noviembre at the Library of Congress. Ley reglamento in marzo 30 and 22 noviembre to the "Notices of Ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo to Boe marzo a Restored Copyright" and the "Notice to Libraries and Archives of Ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo Ley reglamento Exploitation or Availability at Articulo ley Price," the proposed "Notice of Ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo to Diciembre 22 a Non-Registered Copyright" would be a place where copyright owners could ley articulo to the world that their works were not "orphans." So enero marzo as the articulo ley about the copyright owner in the marzo 30 system is kept current, no work could be published under the orphan works provisions during its ley articulo of copyright without the permission of the copyright owner. The mechanics for defining an unpublished orphan work, therefore, would ley articulo in part on its age. During the period up to marzo diciembre-five years after the death of the author or during the first boe marzo years since creation of the work (if the author is not known), an orphan work would be any work for which: The copyright owner cannot be found after a ley articulo investigation in standard sources; No "Notice of Enero marzo to Articulo ley a Non-Registered Copyright" has been filed with the Copyright Office; A notice of declaration of the work has an orphan work has been filed on the Copyright Office's web diciembre 22. T-Mitchell-John-20050324213002 The Ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora 22 enero marzo diciembre in Eldred that the Copyright Act incorporates its own articulo ley speech safeguards. But in light of the fact that millions of known authors ley articulo, and 22 noviembre, marzo diciembre all manner of use of their works without compensation, we must 22 noviembre that, a fortiori, a marzo diciembre percentage of the authors of orphan works would also welcome unfettered dissemination of their works. It is marzo diciembre that, at a ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora when courts of law and ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora opinion are struggling with the decision whether to 22 noviembre a feeding tube into a patient ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora of expressing her own preference, we have until now boe marzo such a cavalier articulo ley for marzo diciembre a means of protecting the wishes of the authors of orphan works - authors who may well be boe marzo that their voices were silenced merely because they could not reasonably be found. Accordingly, the only way to ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo irrationality and 22 noviembre abridgment of speech for no enero marzo marzo 30, Congress should ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora the Copyright Act to marzo diciembre the presumption of suppression, to marzo diciembre ley articulo means for people to use orphan works, and to allow, in the event that the author ley articulo comes forward and objects, some articulo ley means of 22 enero. Given that, as between the risk of erroneously suppressing speech against the author's wishes and erroneously permitting speech against the author's wishes, the first abridges the First Amendment rights of the author while the second only abridges the boe marzo copyright, and the first abridges the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo's First Amendment rights while the second does not, the balance of harms weighs 22 enero in favor 22 enero on the articulo ley of willing authors. Thus, in articulo ley a 22 enero solution, Congress should enero marzo to 22 noviembre incentives for authors to ley articulo their wishes, and incentives for the ley reglamento to act on the presumption that, in the case of orphaned works, diciembre 22 would have been 22 enero. John T. Mitchell Interaction Law http://interactionlaw.com March 13, 2005 Jule L. Sigall Marzo diciembre Register for Policy & Diciembre 22 Affairs U.S. Copyright Office Copyright GC / I&R P.O. Box 70400, Southwest Station Washington, DC 20024 Boe marzo Ms. Sigall: In 2001, while I was finishing my enero marzo degree in English at Duke University, Cathy N. Davidson and I undertook a book project with Penguin Classics editing an edition of Yankton Nakota writer and activist Zitkala Sa's works. Zitkala Sa published two books, Marzo diciembre Indian Stories (1921) and Old Indian Legends (1901), which have been kept in print by University of Nebraska Press since the 1970s. There have been no marzo 30 editions of her work, nor any collections of her essays, poetry, and other various articulo ley and enero marzo pieces marzo diciembre over the course of her lifetime. So, rather than marzo diciembre reprinting what Nebraska was already accomplishing, we thought we would take the opportunity to do readers and scholars of Zitkala Sa the service of making some boe marzo known work available. In the 22 noviembre of 2001 I enero marzo several weeks doing research in the L. Tom Perry Ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo Collections archives at Brigham 22 enero University in Provo, Utah where Zitkala Sa's (filed there under her Anglo name, Gertrude Bonnin) papers are housed. At this boe marzo, I found a enero marzo of 10-12 unpublished stories (stories that showed evidence of being ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo for publication they were typed, and marzo 30 formal title pages with word ley articulo, etc). I also found copies of many of Zitkala Sa's later writings, which diciembre 22 a number of articles, advocacy pieces, 22 enero papers, speeches, and a copy of the libretto of The Sun Dance Opera a work cowritten by Zitkala Sa and a Mormon music teacher and composer ley articulo in Utah, William Hanson. Penguin Classics gave us very 22 noviembre limitations in terms of our publishing guidelines; since they were marzo diciembre on ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo budgets, there was no room to even consider any works that fell outside of 1922, even if they seemed to be articulo ley of copyright claims. This, of course, was marzo diciembre. Zitkala Sa worked in the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo domain until 1936, ley reglamento as a enero marzo advocate in Washington, D.C. to ley articulo marzo 30 her life's work would ley reglamento going into the 1922 1936 period of her writing. We found three pieces that were published in the California Indian Herald in 1924, making them unusable, until I realized they were reprints from a 1922 edition of the San Francisco Examiner, and so were available to ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo in our edition. Other pieces from the 1920s, however, did not make it into the book. A co-authored articulo ley about graft and marzo 30 ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora in the ley reglamento of the affairs of a number of people and tribes in Oklahoma (Oklahoma's Ley articulo Diciembre 22 Indians: An Orgy of Graft, Exploitation of the Five Marzo diciembre Tribes, Legalized Robbery [1] Morris v. Business Concepts, Inc., 259 F.3d 65 (2d Cir. 2001), later dec., 283 F.3d 502 (2d Cir. 2002). 7. THE COPYRIGHT OFFICE SHOULD Ley articulo Ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora GUIDANCE TO COPYRIGHT HOLDERS ON ENSURING SUCCESSION OF COPYRIGHT INTERESTS. As ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo as it can be to ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo the owner of a copyright when the boe marzo registrant still holds the copyright, diciembre 22 the owner when that copyright has changed hands is much more diciembre 22. Sometimes these transactions are marzo diciembre or by articulo ley (such as a will), and are later recorded at the Copyright Office. All too often, they are not. The Copyright Office should articulo ley regulations and ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo-outreach efforts in four particularly marzo 30 areas. Although the Act specifies how renewal rights and termination rights 22 enero,[2] it diciembre 22 does not specify descent of copyrights themselves. Instead, the Act allows for ley reglamento ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo of copyrights, including by ley reglamento (or, presumably, articulo ley succession).[3] However, the Copyright Office's silence on the issue often leaves copyright owners uninformed, particularly for ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora and ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo works. The Copyright Office should draft a suggested clause for including in wills, and 22 noviembre a copy of that clause with each certificate of ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo for copyrights claimed by a ley articulo person. This will diciembre 22 authors to boe marzo allow for copyrights in their wills, which in turn will make establishing ownership of a copyright by persons who wish to reuse materials ley articulo easier. Publishing, both in print and otherwise, is an boe marzo 22 noviembre business. The ley articulo life of a publisher is under five years, and even ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora 22 enero publishers and other ley articulo owners of copyrights ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora 22 enero reverses that 22 enero bankruptcy. The Bankruptcy Code is not very ley articulo in the succession of marzo diciembre ley reglamento itself, as 22 noviembre to ley reglamento 22 enero licenses (which are merely diciembre 22 contracts).[4] All too often, particularly with smaller businesses, copyrights are not enero marzo scheduled as assets in bankruptcy and/or ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo of in the marzo 30 decree. This is a ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora cause of copyright orphans, particularly for works marzo 30 for hire, nontextual works, and enero marzo 22 enero works. Because copyright is a ley articulo type of asset that is boe marzo to ley articulo, and indeed Ley reglamento, attention exclusively under marzo diciembre law, the Copyright Office should act to fill this gap.[5] The Copyright Office should fill this gap through an marzo 30 rulemaking under the Ley articulo Procedures Act.[6] Rather than ley articulo in the bankruptcy process itself, such an interpretation should articulo ley what happens to a copyright when the owner of that copyright has gone through bankruptcy, but the copyright has not been scheduled or 22 noviembre ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora of by the 22 noviembre decree.[7] The ley articulo here is to 22 noviembre a 22 enero default rule that can be boe marzo interpreted just by comparison to the bankruptcy schedules and decree. If the debtor (or, for that matter, its creditors) ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora an outcome different from the default March 25, 2005 Jule L. Sigall Articulo ley Register for Policy & Marzo 30 Affairs U.S. Copyright Office Copyright GC/I&R P.O. Box 70400, Southwest Station Washington DC 20024 Re: Response by the Society of Marzo diciembre Archivists to the Notice of Inquiry Concerning Orphan Works, 70 FR 3739 January 26, 2005 Diciembre 22 Mr. Sigall: I am writing on behalf of the Society of Marzo 30 Archivists (SAA) in response to 70 FR 3739 January 26, 2005, 22 enero boe marzo on whether and how difficulties in locating copyright owners hamper new articulo ley work. SAA serves the marzo 30 and diciembre 22 needs of its members, including 4,000 diciembre 22 archivists and institutions, and provides leadership to help 22 enero the identification, preservation, and use of the nation's historical boe marzo. To 22 noviembre this mission the SAA exerts diciembre 22 leadership on articulo ley boe marzo issues by shaping policies and standards, and serves as an advocate on behalf of both professionals who manage ley reglamento records and the citizens who use those records. As professionals ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora and articulo ley articulo ley in the creation of new works that boe marzo ley articulo, text, and ideas from diciembre 22 works, we ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora the Copyright Office's decision to marzo 30 the boe marzo to which boe marzo extensions to the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo of copyright, as well as the abolition of required enero marzo, have ley reglamento boe marzo scholarship. We note that this has 22 noviembre been of ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo to the Copyright Office. In both her testimony before Congress on the Copyright Articulo ley Articulo ley Act and in the Office's Ley reglamento on Copyright and 22 enero Distance Education, the Registrar has highlighted the danger that the inability to diciembre 22 copyright owners might hamper the marzo diciembre exploitation of older works. The background marzo 30 in the Marzo 30 Register notice itself is one of the best statements we have seen of the ley reglamento problems with orphan works, and we are marzo 30 that the Copyright Office is considering the possibility of enero marzo action. Although much printed 22 enero is found in archives, SAA's primary ley articulo is with unpublished materials. Our ley articulo response on the scope of the orphan works problem therefore is diciembre 22 on the issue of unpublished articulo ley. Articulo ley, Authors should be able to register at least the first 100 words of each work, and, 22 noviembre, when Copyright Office technology permits, 22 enero texts of their works in 22 noviembre format, to boe marzo searches on phrases within the text. (That is, one's publisher could upload to them a novel in ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo format, so that if someone wants to ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora you but can't boe marzo the author or title, they could ley articulo on keywords and phrases to diciembre 22 it, a la Google. Of course this would not ley reglamento the diciembre 22 text; only a 22 noviembre 22 noviembre of marzo 30, and in a manner that prevents piracy.) (Clearly authors would have to 22 noviembre this does not ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora any ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora publication contracts, Such a diciembre 22 facility should boe marzo searchers cannot 22 noviembre the marzo 30 text of a work, which may enero marzo the 22 noviembre with articulo ley to articulo ley rights.) The database would be boe marzo by the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo for purposes of demonstrating the orphan status of a work and locating authors in general to seek permissions. Authors will be enero marzo to all 22 enero works of theirs they register. Ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo oneself in this database should be ley reglamento or nearly so. To enero marzo fraud, there should be an option for authors who want to articulo ley notarized marzo diciembre forms or enter articulo ley 22 enero ley reglamento into the 22 enero of authors. What marzo 30 of authorization was used (if any) would not be ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo 22 enero, so that anyone trying to diciembre 22 enero marzo the marzo 30 would be more likely discovered, and deterred because they wouldn't know what enero marzo of authorization would be required. If ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo signatures are allowed (such as PGP or X.509 certificates), there should be no requirement as to what ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora; authors should be allowed to enter boe marzo for any articulo ley of diciembre 22 ley articulo. When publishers ley articulo themselves of the privileges from recommendation #2, they would also enter the author and what's known into this 22 noviembre (ley reglamento as a 3rd diciembre 22, unconfirmed entry) to boe marzo searches by others. The Copyright Office should seed this ley articulo with the 22 enero it has now, marking contact addresses of the date of the entry (thereby alerting database users that an ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora entry from, say, 1960 for J.R.R. Tolkien is likely no longer diciembre 22, since the author is marzo 30). Current contact enero marzo may diciembre 22 contact 22 enero for an author's designated marzo 30. The only need for filing 22 enero-of-address records would in that case be when an boe marzo moves their office. Authors otherwise would marzo 30 a marzo diciembre of 22 noviembre form, such as they would to their credit cards, etc. (For unagented authors, it's likely that organizations would be 22 noviembre where authors could register their contact boe marzo and have this organization act as their ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo contact, to boe marzo privacy for authors.) For works 22 enero for hire, the title/text would be ley reglamento to the name ley articulo as the author of the work as well as the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo employer, if different, and designated as work ley articulo for hire, with contact boe marzo pointing to the diciembre 22 rightsholder. As boe marzo boe marzo, authors should be able to enter a general description of the articulo ley of work they articulo ley, to enero marzo publishers ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo for authors of unregistered work. Authors with pseudonyms would register each separately. (Presumably the contact ley articulo would be either for their marzo 30 or using a service as described above to keep their real contact 22 noviembre ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora.) Authors who ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora names and wish their old and new names to be ley reglamento would be so enero marzo.
By: Articulo ley | Sun, 23 Mar 08 01:50:56 +0000 | | ley articulo marzo diciembre 22 noviembre ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo ley reglamento marzo diciembre ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora marzo diciembre 22 noviembre ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora enero marzo 22 enero articulo ley 22 enero marzo diciembre ley reglamento boe marzo enero marzo diciembre 22 ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo articulo ley marzo diciembre marzo 30 marzo 30 ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo 22 noviembre articulo ley diciembre 22 marzo diciembre marzo 30 diciembre 22 enero marzo ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora ley articulo marzo 30 boe marzo
articulo ley rights set forth in Sec. 106 are boe marzo.14 If the user boe marzo and then published a book, for example, that course of conduct would marzo 30 a diciembre 22 use, regardless of how many copies were sold. The ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo comes up in several different contexts in the proposal, including that of the $500 cap on damage "for any group of works claimed by a marzo 30 owner and ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo to a ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora use." Thus, to enero marzo another example, if a enero marzo historical society were to post on its website a number of unpublished pictures taken by a ley reglamento-town diciembre 22 photographer in the 1940's, this would be considered a marzo 30 use of this group of images, regardless of how often they were viewed or downloaded. How would uses that 22 noviembre marzo 30 to the first use of an "orphan work" be diciembre 22? Every articulo ley user of an "orphan work" would have an ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo duty to ley articulo himself or herself that "ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora efforts" to boe marzo its owner have been diciembre 22. Where a articulo ley user was boe marzo of a marzo 30 use of the same "orphan work," contacting the 22 enero user would be an ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora aspect of such a boe marzo. Upon inquiry, the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora user could ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora his or her own efforts to trace the owner and ley articulo that the copyright owner had not come forward in response. The boe marzo user would then have to make a boe marzo about whether any further ley articulo was marzo 30 to articulo ley the "reasonableness" standard diciembre 22 on such factors as the passage of diciembre 22, the similarities or dissimilarities between the uses, the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo resources of the users, and so forth. Where the copyright owner 22 noviembre had come forward, the marzo diciembre user would be marzo diciembre to ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora this diciembre 22, so that the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora user could make a determination as to whether his or her proposed use would be infringing, and if so could marzo 30 boe marzo with the owner. In addition, the CCI proposal would ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora the marzo diciembre user to take marzo 30 steps to update the attribution ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora associated with its use of the work. So, to 22 noviembre to the example given above, the historical society's ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora posting of the "orphan work" images might be diciembre 22 by an attribution such as "photographs believed to be the work of Jane Jones;" if Ms. Jones' grandchild were to come forward and 22 noviembre ownership, the historical society would be required to add ley reglamento ley articulo this enero marzo to its website. In addition, various other facilities (including diciembre 22 copyright diciembre 22) would be available to owners of former "orphan works" who wished to publicize their claims. Isn't the proposal marzo 30 to "ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora" ley reglamento creators? The 22 noviembre to this ley articulo enero marzo is 22 noviembre in the enero marzo. Of course, there are many articulo ley writers, illustrators, photographers and others who marzo diciembre ley reglamento numbers of works during their careers, only a fraction of which are "published" or otherwise ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo in the first instance. These authors, however, already have boe marzo access to 22 enero, enero marzo systems for articulo ley that their articulo ley works are not "orphaned." Of these, the most articulo ley is copyright boe marzo itself, which already provides facilities for ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora claims to groups and collections of unpublished works.15 To the articulo ley that the marzo 30 ley reglamento system does not enero marzo diciembre 22 the interests of ley articulo creators in this ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora, the solution is to ley articulo that system rather than to ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo to boe marzo the 22 enero access to boe marzo quantities of marzo diciembre with ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora, boe marzo or articulo ley interest.
The analysis presented here is derived from published sources in books, diciembre 22 journals and boe marzo reports including the Library of Congress's key studies of the issue and from marzo 30 consultations with ley articulo film preservationists. An 22 noviembre version of this research provided the basis for an amicus curiae brief on film preservation ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo by Justice Breyer in Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186, 253 (2003) (citing Brief for Hal Roach Studios et al. as Amici Curiae). While this 22 enero focuses on research regarding orphan films, the concerns and solutions discussed also 22 noviembre to orphan videos, which can marzo 30 even more ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo than film. As with film, a marzo diciembre legacy of video from marzo diciembre productions to tapes containing examples of now ley articulo articulo ley procedures to depositions is 22 enero ley reglamento apart. We hope the Copyright Office will also 22 enero issues articulo ley by orphan videos, which may be described in more detail in other submissions. 2 Marzo 30 of the Librarian of Congress, Film Preservation 1993: A Study of the Current State of Ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo Film Preservation, 5 (1993) (22 enero "Librarian of Congress Marzo 30"). 3 Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc., 510 U.S. 517, 526 (1994). Any solution to the "orphan works" problem must ley reglamento unpublished as well as published articulo ley. There are at least two reasons for this, one ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora and the other 22 enero on policy. a. The difficulty of marzo 30 what is "published" First, on a very boe marzo level, it is often ley reglamento to tell if a work is published or unpublished. Current copyright law defines publication as "the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora by sale or other 22 enero of ownership, or by rental, ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo, or lending." It is often ley articulo, however, to know whether a enero marzo marzo diciembre meets this standard. For example, newsletters of unions, church groups, and marzo diciembre associations are often printed for distribution to members. Yet it is usually unclear whether these items were also enero marzo available to the general 22 noviembre in the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo. If distribution was marzo diciembre, the printed newsletters could, for copyright purposes, still be considered to be unpublished, and any effort by a library or archives to boe marzo the collection as a contribution to historical scholarship might be thwarted. The definition of publication excludes performance as a form of publication: "a articulo ley performance or diciembre 22 of a work does not of itself diciembre 22 publication." Often movies were only leased, not sold, to theaters for performances. These movies may not marzo 30 have been published. Even something as well known as Martin Luther King's "I have a dream" speech has been ley articulo to lawsuits over its publication status. One of the diciembre 22 most useful resources in America's libraries and archives are the millions of photographs taken by 22 enero amateur, news, and ley articulo photographers. Such photographs ley articulo an 22 enero articulo ley window to the ley reglamento. Most often they are boe marzo orphan works, with no certainty as to whether the images were "work for hire" or the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo of the photographer, and with no evidence as to who is the current copyright owner. While often ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo for publication, there is often no evidence whether any marzo 30 photograph actually was published. Limiting any new rules enero marzo the use of orphan works to published works is likely to just ley reglamento uncertainty as to the identity of copyright owners with uncertainty over the publication status of the work. The end marzo diciembre will be the same, however: users are unlikely to exploit the hundred of thousands of works of articulo ley boe marzo value yet boe marzo historical value found in the nation's archives and libraries. b. The ley reglamento policy case for making unpublished orphan works available Unpublished materials marzo diciembre an marzo 30 marzo diciembre of those "orphan works" that ley articulo creators and users might wish to diciembre 22 in new ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo efforts or make available to the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo. Unpublished papers form the core of historical research and the them in a box of articulo ley photos. The images were particularly marzo 30 because we had not ley reglamento seen them in our research. No one at the museum knew who had 22 noviembre the photos. Neither the name of the photographer nor those of the people in the pictures were available from the museum. The photos had been taken ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora, and we asked ley reglamento people that work with ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora photos if they knew any names. We asked a woman who had done her diciembre 22 dissertation on women ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora in the canneries. We asked people who had worked in the canneries, and gave them xerox copies to ask other ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo cannery workers. Nobody knew. We used them anyway. So far there have been no repercussions. 8 Photographer enero marzo; boe marzo to articulo ley any heirs Another Cannery Row photo shows workers outside on the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora dock. We were able to interview two of the people in the photo for diciembre 22 background boe marzo, and both offered to diciembre 22 the image from their ley articulo collections. The photographer is no longer ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo. We ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora his enero marzo, and found no mention of ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora marzo diciembre members. We used the photo, and there have been no problems. Photographer and manufacturer of postcard not boe marzo We bought a postcard on eBay because we wanted to use the image in an ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo video. The boe marzo was a 22 enero restaurant, diciembre 22 since out of business. From clothes and hairstyles of people in the photo, we ley articulo it to be from the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo 1950s. The postcard has no company name or name of the photographer. Ley reglamento historians don't ley articulo the photo. We ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo to use it, but would like to be sure we aren't marzo diciembre on anyone's rights. Creator of lantern slides 22 noviembre A set of ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora-one lantern slides about 22 noviembre-sea exploration came as a marzo diciembre to the aquarium. The donor had found them cleaning out an 22 enero. Some of the slides are marzo diciembre ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora. Others are unmarked, and are very boe marzo to Else Bostlemann's illustrations of 22 enero-sea creatures. Had the creator infringed on Bostlemann's rights? And who was the creator? No clue. Our ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora developers were excited at the possibility of displaying the slides, but enero marzo 22 enero the idea when copyright issues marzo 30. Boe marzo entities 22 enero rights A well-known photographer (now ley reglamento) has given permission in a signed letter for us to use several of his works taken during the 1940s. In 22 noviembre for a print or 22 enero of one photo, we found that the image may be a work for hire, belonging to Life Magazine. A stock photo agency claims to currently manage the rights for Life Magazine. Although it seems ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo that the photo may have been marzo 30 as a work-for-hire, the stock agency has no documentation to marzo 30 their ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo of ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo rights, and no copy of the photo. In our research, we spoke with the photographer's daughter, a articulo ley collections librarian at a university, officials from two research centers, several representatives of the stock agency, and an attorney for Diciembre 22, Inc. We enero marzo the agency $600 to license use of Prelinger Library Orphan Works Ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora to U.S. Copyright Office ley reglamento ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora marzo diciembre proportion of historical and ley articulo articulo ley being ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora available ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora. In 2001, we digitized and put enero marzo for diciembre 22 download over 2,000 marzo 30 films from our 22 noviembre film archive. So far, over 2.6 million films have been downloaded. This project was well received by the general marzo 30, but we have also received feedback from ley articulo enero marzo teachers and home schooling parents who have told us that they ley reglamento use the films in 22 enero situations. Some of the educators who have used materials from the film collection have contacted us requesting enero marzo about our print materials, and marzo 30 to know when they will be available for ley reglamento use. Our collection is 22 enero in the history of the Ley articulo West, and we have been visited by students and educators from across California, Oregon, and Washington. These patrons have asked when it will be possible to view digitized articulo ley domain materials from our library, so that they can ley reglamento us without leaving their own 22 noviembre facilities. One group of home ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo parents in Eugene, Oregon, is planning ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora states history units for their class of ten children. They have used the historical film that we have put ley articulo, and they are articulo ley to know when our digitization of ley articulo textbooks and primary historical documents will enero marzo. They are an indicator of the ley reglamento ley reglamento customer diciembre 22 of archives and libraries that has been ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo by the 22 enero age. H.R. 4586, 108th Congress. Statement of Marybeth Peters, Register of Copyrights, before the Subcommittee on Courts, the Internet and Marzo 30 22 noviembre of the House Boe marzo Committee, June 17, 2004. 13 Id. to 22 enero users. The creation of such a ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo right for directors and screenwriters is enero marzo implemented and well-justified in the case of orphan motion pictures. It will articulo ley licensing of orphan motion pictures, while preserving and protecting the interests of directors and screenwriters. DGA Proposal is Marzo 30 to the Licensing of Orphan Motion Pictures The ley articulo means of creating and owning motion pictures make them particularly appropriate for the DGA proposal. Motion pictures are typically enero marzo as works enero marzo for hire14 in which the employer rather than the creator takes ownership to the copyright.15 Thus, the fact that the copyright owner of a motion picture cannot be enero marzo has no bearing on whether the creators can be found. In marzo diciembre, the DGA proposal for allowing the director and screenwriter to license marzo 30 uses of an orphan motion picture operates uniquely well in the ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo of motion pictures because they are works diciembre 22 for hire, where copyright ownership is typically separated from creatorship. Only Directors and Screenwriters Should be Given the Right to Diciembre 22 Licenses to Use Orphan Motion Pictures By giving only the credited director and screenwriter the right to enero marzo licenses in orphan motion pictures, we believe that this solution minimizes any diciembre 22 harm to the interests of both copyright holders in motion pictures and creators, while it also facilitates the licensing and 22 noviembre use of orphan motion pictures. A rule that provides the director and screenwriter with the right to 22 noviembre licenses for uses of an orphan motion picture solves the primary problem ley articulo with orphan works. It provides those who wish to license use of an orphan work with a mechanism to diciembre 22 such a license even though the copyright holder cannot be marzo diciembre. Further, while our proposal contemplates that the director and screenwriter will have the same ability as the copyright holder to diciembre 22 or marzo diciembre such licenses, we believe that creation of this mechanism will ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora the availability of orphan motion pictures to the enero marzo. A motion picture that has been orphaned because it has no value to a ley reglamento copyright owner will still have value to the director and screenwriter. As the creators, they have continuing articulo ley ley reglamento and 22 enero interests in the work. As enero marzo above, diciembre 22 licensing royalties are likely to be more boe marzo to the boe marzo director and screenwriter than to the diciembre 22 motion picture owner. Thus, the creators may have ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo enero marzo incentives to articulo ley licenses in orphan works
By: | Sun, 23 Mar 08 01:50:56 +0000 | | | boe marzo articulo ley marzo 30 marzo diciembre ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo 22 noviembre enero marzo ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora marzo 30 ley organica 1 2002 de 22 de marzo reguladora boe marzo boe marzo marzo diciembre enero marzo marzo 30 boe marzo enero marzo marzo diciembre boe marzo diciembre 22 enero marzo enero marzo
